YAML Basics

YAML stands for YAML Ain't Markup Language.

It is mainly used for:

Configuration files
DevOps tools
APIs
Docker
Kubernetes
CI/CD pipelines

1. YAML Syntax Basics

Rules

Uses indentation (spaces)
No tabs
Usually .yaml or .yml
Key-value format

Common Data Types

Type	Example
String	name: Akkal
Number	age: 20
Boolean	isAdmin: true
Array	- JavaScript
Object	user:
Null	value: null

2. Key-Value Pair

first.yaml

name: Akkal
age: 22
city: Kathmandu

Meaning

name → key
Akkal → value

Equivalent JSON:

{
  "name": "Akkal",
  "age": 22,
  "city": "Kathmandu"
}

3. Strings

string.yml

message: Hello World
language: "TypeScript"
framework: 'Express'

Quotes are optional unless special characters exist.

4. Numbers and Boolean

num_bool.yml

age: 22
price: 99.99
 
isAdmin: true
isLoggedIn: false

5. Arrays (Lists)

array.yml

# method - 1
numbers: [1, 2, 3, 4]
 
# method - 2
languages:
  - JavaScript
  - TypeScript
  - Python

6. Objects

object.yml

user:
  name: Akkal
  age: 22
  role: developer

7. Nested Objects

nested_obj.yml

user:
  name: Akkal
  age: 22
 
  address:
    country: Nepal
    city: Kathmandu
    zip: 44600

Structure:

user
 ├── name
 ├── age
 └── address
      ├── country
      ├── city
      └── zip

nested_nested_obj.yml

company:
  name: XYZ
 
  department:
    name: Engineering
 
    manager:
      name: Akkal
      experience: 5

Structure:

company
 └── name
 └── department
      └── name
      └── manager
           ├── name
           └── experience

8. Array of Objects

arr_of_obj.yml

users:
  - name: Akkal
    role: admin
 
  - name: Ram
    role: user

9. Comments

comment.yml

# This is comment
name: Akkal

10. Null Values

null.yml

middleName: null
nickname:
username: ~

11. Multiline Strings

Pipe | : preserve line breaks

multi_line_str.yml

message: |
  Hello
  This is YAML
  Learning basics

Output:

Hello This is YAML Learning basics

Greater Than > : single line

multi_line_str.yml

message: >
  Hello
  This becomes
  one line

Output:

Hello This becomes one line

12. Environment Example

env.yml

app:
  name: auth-service
  port: 5000
 
database:
  host: localhost
  port: 5432
  username: postgres
  password: secret

13. Anchors and Defaults

YAML supports reusable default blocks using anchors & and aliases *.

default_settings is reused in both environments.

anchor_default.yml

default: &default_settings
  timeout: 30
  retries: 3
 
development:
  <<: *default_settings
  host: localhost
 
production:
  <<: *default_settings
  host: prod.server.com

14. Explicit Data Types

value: !!str 123
 
age: !!int "22"
 
isAdmin: !!bool "true"
 
data: !!null ""

15. Docker Compose

15.1 Simple Node.js App

docker-compose.yml

version: "3"
 
services:
  app:
    image: node:20
    container_name: my-node-app
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    volumes:
      - .:/app
    working_dir: /app
    command: npm start

15.2. Node.js + MongoDB

docker-compose2.yml

version: "3"
 
services:
  app:
    image: node:20
    container_name: backend-app
    ports:
      - "5000:5000"
    volumes:
      - .:/app
    working_dir: /app
    command: npm run dev
    depends_on:
      - mongo
 
  mongo:
    image: mongo
    container_name: mongodb
    ports:
      - "27017:27017"
    volumes:
      - mongo-data:/data/db
 
volumes:
  mongo-data:

15.3. Node.js + PostgreSQL

docker-compose3.yml

version: "3"
 
services:
  app:
    image: node:20
    ports:
      - "5000:5000"
    environment:
      - DATABASE_URL=postgres://postgres:password@db:5432/mydb
    depends_on:
      - db
 
  db:
    image: postgres
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_USER=postgres
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=password
      - POSTGRES_DB=mydb
    ports:
      - "5432:5432"

Type	Example
String	name: Akkal
Number	age: 20
Boolean	isAdmin: true
Array	- JavaScript
Object	user:
Null	value: null

Type

Example

String

name: Akkal

Number

age: 20

Boolean

isAdmin: true

Array

- JavaScript

Object

user:

Null

value: null

version: "3" services: app: image: node:20 container_name: backend-app ports: - "5000:5000" volumes: - .:/app working_dir: /app command: npm run dev depends_on: - mongo mongo: image: mongo container_name: mongodb ports: - "27017:27017" volumes: - mongo-data:/data/db volumes: mongo-data:

version: "3" services: app: image: node:20 ports: - "5000:5000" environment: - DATABASE_URL=postgres://postgres:password@db:5432/mydb depends_on: - db db: image: postgres environment: - POSTGRES_USER=postgres - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=password - POSTGRES_DB=mydb ports: - "5432:5432"